WE LOVE PAKISTAN

 By Class VII-A 

WE ARE UNITED

WE ARE ONE

AND

WE STAND TOGETHER FOR EACH OTHER

By Class VII-A

History of Cakes

Although clear examples of the difference between cake and bread are easy to find, the precise classification has always been elusive. For example, banana bread may be properly considered either a quick bread or a cake.
In ancient Rome, basic bread dough was sometimes enriched with butter, eggs, and honey, which produced a sweet and cake-like baked good. Latin poet Ovid refers to the birthday of him and his brother with party and cake in his first book of exile, Tristia.
Early cakes in England were also essentially bread: the most obvious differences between a "cake" and "bread" were the round, flat shape of the cakes, and the cooking method, which turned cakes over once while cooking, while bread was left upright throughout the baking process.

                                                       Zoha Mohsin

Varieties of Cakes

Cakes are broadly divided into several categories, based primarily on ingredients and cooking techniques.

• Yeast cakes are the oldest, and are very similar to yeast breads. Such cakes are often very traditional in form, and include such pastries as babka and stollen.
• Cheesecakes, despite their name, aren't really cakes at all. Cheesecakes are in fact custard pies, with a filling made mostly of some form of cheese (often cream cheese, mascarpone, ricotta or the like), and have very little to no flour added, although a flour-based crust may be used. Cheesecakes are also very old, with evidence of honey-sweetened cakes dating back to ancient Greece.
• Sponge cakes are thought to be the first of the non-yeast-based cakes and rely primarily on trapped air in a protein matrix (generally of beaten eggs) to provide leavening, sometimes with a bit of baking powder or other chemical leaven added as insurance. Such cakes include the Italian/Jewish pan di Spagna and the French Génoise. Highly decorated sponge cakes with lavish toppings are sometimes called gateau, after the French word for cake.
• Butter cakes, including the pound cake and devil's food cake, rely on the combination of butter, eggs, and sometimes baking powder to provide both lift and a moist texture.

Beyond these classifications, cakes can be classified based on their appropriate accompaniment (such as coffee cake) and contents (e.g. fruitcake or flourless chocolate cake).

Some varieties of cake are widely available in the form of cake mixes, wherein some of the ingredients (usually flour, sugar, flavoring, baking powder, and sometimes some form of fat) are premixed, and the cook needs add only a few extra ingredients, usually eggs, water, and sometimes vegetable oil or butter. While the diversity of represented styles is limited, cake mixes do provide an easy and readily available homemade option for cooks who are not accomplished bakers.
  
                                                        Areeba Zia & Manahil Masood

Tabeer Shaikh

Hisory of Tennis

Most historians believe that tennis originated in France in the 12th century, but the ball was then struck with the palm of the hand. It was not until the 16th century that rackets came into use, and the game began to be called "tennis." It was popular in England and France, although the game was only played indoors where the ball could be hit off the wall. Henry VIII of England was a big fan of this game, which historians now refer to as real tennis.

Harry Gem and his friend Augurio Perera developed a game that combined elements of rackets and the Basque ball game pelota, which they played on Perera's croquet lawn in Birmingham, United Kingdom. In 1872, along with two local doctors, they founded the world's first tennis club in Leamington Spa.

In December 1873, Major Walter Clopton Wingfield designed and patented a similar game — which he called sphairistike (Greek: σφάίρίστική, from ancient Greek meaning "skill at playing at ball"), and was soon known simply as "sticky" — for the amusement of his guests at a garden party on his estate of Nantclwyd, in Llanelidan, Wales.He likely based his game on the evolving sport of outdoor tennis including real tennis. According to some tennis historians, modern tennis terminology also derives from this period, as Wingfield borrowed both the name and much of the French vocabulary of real tennis and applied them to his new game.

Sahil Rahim &

Hassan Sohail

History of Rugby

A game of rugby football developed from a version of football played at Rugby School and was originally one of several different versions of football played at English public schools during the 19th century.

The game of football that was played at Rugby School between 1750 and 1859 permitted handling of the ball, but no-one was allowed to run with it in their hands towards the opposition's goal. There was no fixed limit to the number of players per side and sometimes there were hundreds taking part in a kind of enormous rolling maul. This sport caused major injury at times. The innovation of running with the ball was introduced some time between 1859 and 1865. William Webb Ellis has been credited with breaking the local rules by running forwards with the ball in a game in 1823. Shortly after this written rules were established for the sports which had earlier just involved local agreements, and boys from Rugby School produced the first written rules for their version of the sport in 1870.

In the result that the teams were still tied at the end of the match a drop goal shoot out was held. The selected kickers of the two teams would have 1 shot at the goal each and would take turns shooting at the goal until one of the kickers missed.

Around this time the influence of Dr Thomas Arnold, Rugby's headmaster, was beginning to be felt around all the other public schools, and his emphasis on sport as part of a balanced education naturally encouraged the general adoption of the Rugby rules across the country, and, ultimately, the world.

Anas Iqbal &
Qammer Meral

Dengue fever continues to spread, as more than 200 cases were reported in one day across Pakistan.

In Lahore, 169 cases of dengue have been reported, while a spokesman for Punjab Health Department has stated that there is no shortage of platelets in government hospitals. He also said that 4,122 dengue patients have been cured and 128 are still under treatment, and that the disease is on the decline in the province.

While in Sindh there have been reports of 68 new cases, which takes the total number of cases in the province to 2,950, with 2,551 cases being reported from Karachi.

So far 20 people have died as a result of the virus in the province. The Health Ministry in Sindh has offered free treatment for dengue patients.                                               

  

 by M.Owais  and Abuzar rizvi           

Marine Mammals

                                           by Nisha Yasin & Gulnar Fatima

Marine mammals are a diverse group of 120 species of mammal that are primarily ocean-dwelling or depend on the ocean for food. They include the cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises), the sirenians (manatees and dugong), the pinnipeds (true seals, eared seals and walrus), and several otters (the sea otter and marine otter). The polar bear, while not fully aquatic, is also usually considered a marine mammal because it lives on sea ice for most or all of the year.

 

Marine mammals evolved from land dwelling ancestors and share several adaptive features for life at sea such as generally large size, hydrodynamic body shapes, modified appendages and various thermoregulatory adaptations. Whales are the largest mammals ever. Different species are, however, adapted to marine life to varying degrees. The most fully adapted are the cetaceans and the sirenians, which cannot live on land.

 

Despite the fact that marine mammals are highly recognizable charismatic megafauna, many populations are vulnerable or endangered due to a history of commercial use for blubber, meat, ivory and fur. Most species are currently in protection from commercial use.

                                                                  

Health

Health is the general condition of a person in all aspects. It is also a level of functional and/or metabolic efficiency of a Personal health depends partially on the social structure of one's life.  The maintenance of strong social relationships is linked to good health conditions, longevity, productivity, and a positive attitude. This is because positive social interaction as viewed by the participant increases many chemical levels in the brain which are linked to personality and intelligence traits. Volunteering also can lead to a healthy life. To be a volunteer, while gaining plenty of social benefits, people also take their mind off their own troubles. Volunteering could even add years of life. Personal health depends partially on one's active, passive, and assisted observations about their health in their everyday life. The information gleaned from such observations may be used to inform personal decisions and actions (e.g., "I feel tired in the morning so I am going to try sleeping on a different pillow"), as well as clinical decisions and treatment plans (e.g., a patient who notices his or her shoes are tighter than usual may be having exacerbation of left-sided heart failure, and may require diuretic medication to reduce fluid overload) for patients who share their observations with their health care providers. Health science is the branch of science focused on health, and it includes many sub disciplines. There are two approaches to health science: the study and research of the human body and health-related issues to understand how humans (and animals) function, and the application of that knowledge to improve health and to prevent and cure diseases. There are a variety of ways in which health is understood, especially as a part of developing individuals and communities. A common understanding of health is needed to grasp the ways in which sport can play a role in achieving health objectives and the benefits of physical activity. 

Gulnar Fatima & Nisha Fatima   

The Covini C6W

The Covini C6W, from Italian maker Covini Engineering, has been in the works for 32 years. It has lots of nice racing parts--a 4.2-liter Audi V8, a fiberglass/carbon fiber body over a tubular steel frame, 434 horsepower, a top speed of around 185 mph--and two very unusual additions that make it stand out. Don't bother rubbing your eyes: This thing really does have six wheels.

According to Jalopnik, the C6W is inspired by a 1976 race car with two sets of front wheels, designed to reduce drag and "increase air penetration." But those don't really factor into the C6W's design--instead, the extra two wheels provide better braking, grip, and absorption of frontal impact, and reduce risk of aquaplaning and deflated tires. They also greatly increase the amount and magnitude of head-turning, but that's not really a benefit that can be precisely measured.

The rear-wheel-drive C6W pictured above is, claims Covini Engineering, the final production version of the car. No word yet on anything like availability or price, but it looks pretty sure that this crazy beast is actually going to get made. Sorry to make all you four-wheelers, even award-winning four-wheelers, feel inadequate, but that's just how the C6W rolls (and rolls).

Fatima Nasir

Bomber Cricket Bats

Bomber Cricket Bats    
A QUALITY BRAND AT AN AFFORDABLE PRICE !

BOMBER FIGHTER CRICKET BAT

Top of the range from Bomber Cricket, the 'Fighter' is hand crafted by the master bat maker from grade 1 English willow and shaped into a magnificent cricket bat.Nice smooth curve to the blade, slightly concaved back, magnificent straight grains, huge edges measuring approx 3 -3.5cm !!!You will not find a better bat on the market than the 'fighter' for value for money anywhere. Comes complete with full length BOMBER carry case and factory fitted toe guard.

BOMBER B52 CRICKET BAT

Bomber B-52 PRO English willow men's SH cricket bat.
Brand new for season 2008-09 the B-52 PRO is made from top grade 2 English willow, nice straight grains, well weighted, lots of wood behind the sweet spot, thick edges plus bonus bat cover, factory fitted toe guard and protective sheet.An excellent quality bat and absolutely value for money.
 
Bomber B52 cricket bat
Superb style with nice bow to the blade, Huge huge  approx 3cm to 3.5cm!!! thick edges and is very well balanced. nice flatter shoulders and tapered down at the toe. Great new stickers and styling.
Made in our factory in India by master bat makers it's made from English willow nurtured in India and makes this a very affordable bat but maintaining quality.Suitable for all levels of senior club cricket.Comes complete with full length padded carry case ,factory fitted toe guard and protective sheet for you to apply if needed.

BOMBER KAMIKAZE 20-20 CRICKET BAT

Superb NEW style with BIG bow to the blade, 3 - 3.5cm edges and is very well balanced.Has a long handle short blade combination which gives the bat a real "club" like feel. Great new stickers and styling and designed for big hitting in limited overs cricket.Made in our factory in India by master bat makers it's made from English willow nurtured in India and makes this a very affordable bat but maintaining quality.Comes complete with full length padded carry case ,factory fitted toe guard and protective sheet for you to apply if needed.

BOMBER TORNADO CRICKET BAT

Superb style with nice bow to the blade, approx 3cm thick edges and is very well balanced, added to this is a large swell directly behind the sweet spotGreat new stickers and styling with the latest chrome finish
Made in our factory in India by master bat makers it's made from genuine English willow from England and makes this a very affordable bat but maintaining quality.Suitable for all levels of senior club cricket.
Comes complete with full length padded carry case ,factory fitted toe guard and protective sheet for you to apply if needed.

Shahzaib Ahmed Khan &
Shah Saud Asif

New Technologies of Games

Video game design and production is a fast paced, hit-driven, technology-based field. Hardware used in game consoles and personal computers continues to improve, getting faster and cheaper at a dizzying pace. Video game developers start each new project with increased computational resources, and a long list of cool features they would like to incorporate. Since they normally work on very tight production schedules, they have little or no time to experiment with untested technology. Results from recent research help to bridge that gap.

Researchers, working largely in academia and occasionally in industry, are motivated by exploring new technology.  To be published, research must be novel: either a completely new idea or a significant improvement on an old idea.  Commercial game development can provide a rich stream of "...it would be nice if..." ideas which can inspire new research projects.  This focus on novelty in the research world contrasts with the commercial world.  There, while novelty is good, what really matters is an enjoyable, engaging experience.  A sequel can be a hit while a strikingly original game may not.

These two communities have conflicting goals and very different cultures.  Yet a mutually beneficial symbiotic relation can exist between them.  With luck this page may lead to cross-fertilization and perhaps some beneficial collaborations.

Nisha and Gulnar

Educational Quotes

•
Peter BroughamEducation makes people easy to lead,but difficult to drive: easy to govern, but impossible to enslave.

•

Education is not the filling of a pail,but the lighting of a fire.
William Butler Yeats

•

•

Tell me and I'll forget. Show me, and I may not remember. Involve me, and I'll understand.
Native American Saying

•

•

What we learn with pleasure we never forget.
Alfred Mercier

•

•

Education is simply the soul of a society as it passes from one generation to another.
G. K. Chesterson

•

•

Instruction ends in the school-room, but education ends only with life.Frederick W.Robertson

Tabeer Shaikh

Portable Wikipedia

The Portable wikipedia is the only gadget that contains the entire text of Wikipedia, which is the internet's largest general reference work. The gadget  provides up to 3,000,000 English topics including such topics as Facebook and just about anything else you can think of on Earth and in the Galaxy. The gadget is just a bit wider than a PDA with a 3 1/3-inch monochrome touch screen that allows you to scroll up and down pages using your finger.

Saniya Ahsan

Associaion Football

Association Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a single spherical ball, known as the football. Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other team's goal (between the posts and under the bar), thereby scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw. Each team is led by a captain.
The primary law is that players other than goalkeepers may not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play, though they do use their hands during a throw-in restart. Although players usually use their feet to move the ball around, they may use any part of their body other than their hands or arms.Within normal play, all players are free to play the ball in any direction and move throughout the pitch, though the ball cannot be received in an offside position.

In typical game play, players attempt to create goal-scoring opportunities through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling, passing the ball to a team-mate, and by taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent in possession of the ball; however, physical contact between opponents is restricted. Football is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or when play is stopped by the referee for an infringement of the rules. After a stoppage, play recommences with a specified restart.

Saim Tariq

Layout

Shahzaib Ahmed Khan

Fatima Nasir

Colour Picking Pen

Beginning with software like Adobe Photoshop, graphic designers have seen numerous advancements that have made their work into child play. To add to this long collection of brilliant hardware and software developments, we have the Color-picking Pen that is capable of reading RGB values from your computer (just like the color picker tool in Photoshop) with the help of a camera and RGB sensor. These RGB values are later used to mix up an ink color that matches it, using the RGB cartridge, thus enabling users to draw with the exact same color that they see on their screen. This pen greatly bridges the gap between digital art and the canvas. It allows artists to pull out salient features of both fields.

Saniya Ahsan

Picture Story Teller

Do you like to write down stories with your pictures? Or just want to recall your memories forever. Here comes an interesting gadget  for you! With each picture you put on a little sticker and the device scans that sticker. It will then play the story that goes with it out loud. The kit comes with 500 stickers, so you do have a limit on the number of pictures you can do this on. Just if the device gets compromised you can back up your recordings on your computer.

Sumaiya Faisal

Zenith Watch

In a veritable technical revolution, ZENITH Manufacture has devised the Zero-G system, in other words zero gravity! The gyroscope cage Tourbillon comprises an escapement mounted on cardan joints rather like marine chronometers. The instrument, which is sensitive to changes of position, is kept in a constant horizontal position, thereby ensuring optimal amplitude for the spiral balance-wheel. Coordination is provided by an invention patented by ZENITH: a second gear train is the reference point for the swinging of the escapement axles and a differential gear with inverter compensates all the relative movements of the framework. The Zero-G Tourbillon, whose cage alone comprises 166 of the 294 parts that make up the device, 10 conical geared wheels with spiral teeth and 6 ball-bearings, was developed from the El Primero automatic caliber that beats at the record speed of 36,000 vibrations an hour.

Muhammad Saad Iqbal 
 

Heat Changing Mug

As winters are almost here modern kids these days love shacking up in dark rooms. Well, we still have a link to back  to our post with the Pac-Man Heat Changing Mug, and as its name suggests, you will be able to see the legendary Pac-Man maze plastered on one side of the mug. Fill it up with a piping hot beverage of your choice, and you will see Pac-Man make an appearance. This is an officially licensed product.

Rabbi Wasim Tak

Coloured Flame Lights

We have seen artificial candles with LED lights that glow with different colours but never seen real ones. These Coloured Flame Tea lights forgo the standard boring yellowish fire colour in favour of something a bit more interesting. The candles achieve their special colour from a combination of various salts and metals that tint the flame when they burn. Each tea light burns for around 60 minutes.

Saad Iqbal

Spy Pen

This is not an ordinary pen, it's a spy pen. The unique feature of this pen is that it contains a small camera via which high quality pictures can be taken. You can take pictures of other people without them knowing. It contains a 2MB memory. It has a voice system which tells that how much memory is left. You can transfer pictures to your computer using a serial cable and the best part is that you can write with this pen as well.

Sumaiya Faisal

USB Necklaces

With the increasing use of USB, now companies are trying to merge fashion with technology, fulfilling the technological as well as the fashion needs simultaneously through USB necklaces. Women may find these necklaces very interesting and attractive as hey will not have to hang their USB around their necks rather they can wear it in form of a necklace.

Saniya Ahsan